My research mission is to disclose political and environmental dangers to our well-being as a species. I study the politics of our vitality as a species and I've become increasingly interested in ionizing radiation's biological effects because they directly threaten species survival, a fact that has been known since the 1940s but has been deliberately denied for reasons of political power.
Below find some data I've assembled about the reproductive and childhood effects of ionizing radiation. The data were assembled in response to a media inquiry about thyroid nodules & cancer among Fukushima children. Much information still needs inclusion but here is my first draft
(Sorry for the lousy formatting. I don't have time to fix today)
IONIZING RADIATION,
CHILDREN AND REPRODUCTIVE EFFECTS
Assembled by Majia H.
Nadesan
3/8/2014
1. OVERALL
RISKS FOR CHILDREN UNDER-REPRESENTED: The greatest risks are for the
youngest whose cells are dividing rapidly and for future generations who
acquire germ line cell damage, particularly micro deletions. However, most models of dose-effects are based on a
male reference man:
a.
The
2006 U.S. National Academies’ panel on the risks of low-level radiation, the
Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation (BEIR) VII report, found that overall
fatal cancer risk for females was 37.5 percent greater than for males exposed
to the same radiation dose, and children are even more vulnerable.[i]
Despite these findings, the reference man continues to inform many
international and national regulatory guidelines, including the ICRP.[ii]
2 2. ATMOPSHERIC EXPOSURE VERSUS
BIO-ACCUMULATION AND BIO-MAGNIFICATION: Radiation exposure
levels measured by the ‘badges’ worn by Fukushima children under-predict
effects because they don’t address internal exposure
a.
In
1962, Harold Knapp described how radioiodine from a single deposition in
pasture-land bioaccumulates and biomagnifies, producing substantial and
injurious radiation doses for children consuming milk.[iii]
b.
Strontium
is bio-accumulated in bone as an analog of calcium. Both strontium and cesium
(an analog of potassium) can pass the blood-brain barrier by entering the
brain’s calcium channels (e.g., see Xu-Friedman & Regehr, 1999).[iv]
c.
Uranium
is particularly chemically toxic. See ‘Once Upon a Mine: The Legacy of Uranium
on the Navajo Nation’[v]
3. FETUSES/EMBROYS
VULNERABILITIES:
Ian Fairlie observes that hematopoietic tissues [containing stem cells] appear
to be considerably more radiosensitive in embryos/fetuses than in newborn
babies.’[vi]
4 4. CHILDHOOD LEUKEMA & GAMMA
RADIATION:
a.
A
study by the Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (French
Institute of Health and Medical Research, or INSERM) documented a leukemia rate
twice as high among children under the age of 15, living within a five
kilometer radius of France's 19 nuclear power plants, when compared to those
living 20 kilometers or more away from a plant.[vii]
The French study reinforced previous findings on excess risk for leukemia in
young children living in close proximity to German nuclear power plants.[viii]
b.
Studies
on medical imaging show children are very vulnerable to the radiation used in
the imaging. A study published in The
Lancet in 2012 found that CT scans
cause a small but significant increased risk for leukemia and brain cancer in
children.[ix]
Two to three scans of the head for children under three tripled the risk for
brain cancer as compared to the general population while five to ten scans
tripled the risk for leukemia.
c.
One
study found a 12 percent increase in
childhood leukemia for every millisievert of natural gamma-radiation dose
to bone marrow.[x]
d.
Nowakowski
and Hayes (2008) describe effects of
radiation on early brain development (i.e., neurogenesis), which include
double-strand breaks of DNA impacting cell proliferation and migration during
critical periods of early brain development. They conclude that early fetal
development is particularly susceptible to effects of relatively low levels of
exposure to radioisotopes.[xi]
5. IONIZNG RADIATION AND THYROID NODULES.
Thyroid
nodules are not ‘typical’ but they are rising in frequency. They are an
‘environmental disease’ that has clearly been linked to radio-iodine;
a.
Mark E Gerber, Arlen D Meyers. Pediatric Thyroid
Cancer. Medscape, http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/853737-overview “The
incidence of head and neck
malignancies, including those of the thyroid, has increased 25%
during the past 30 years.[1] Based on retrospective series, the
prevalence of thyroid nodules in children ranges from 0.2-5%, compared with
approximately 30% in adults. However, pediatric thyroid nodules carry a far
greater risk of harboring malignancy compared with adults, at approximately
26.4%. Some authors have reported an incidence of as high as 36%.[2] Because
pediatric thyroid nodules carry this increased risk of malignancy, physicians
should perform an expeditious workup….”
6.
IONIZING RADIATION AND
HEART DEFECTS
a.
Yuri
Bandazhevsky found that children contaminated with Cesium-137 producing 50
disintegrations per second (becquerels) per kilogram of body weight suffered
irreversible heart damage.[xii]
b.
De-novo
micro deletions linked to congenital heart disease: Lifton,
Seidman, et al, 2013). Children born with serious heart defects, at least ten
percent of them had increased de novo mutations, not inherited from parents,
suggesting environmental causation.[xiii]
7. MITOCHONDRIAL
MUTATIONS AND RADIATION:
Radiation exposure, even ‘natural background radiation’ increases frequency of mitochondrial DNA mutations, which are
transmitted across generations (via mother). Mitochondrial defects have been linked to autism and other psychiatric
disorders.
a.
A
study examining the mitochondrial DNA of people who live in an area of Iran
with high background radiation found that higher rates of mitochondrial DNA
mutations correlated with higher background exposure and that mutations were
transmitted across generations: “The
observation that radiation accelerates point mutations at all is unexpected, at
first glance, because radiation was, until recently, thought to generate
primarily DNA lesions. A potential explanation is provided by our additional
observation that these radiation-associated point mutations are also
evolutionary hot spots, indicating that the radiation indirectly increases the
cell's normal (evolutionary) mutation mechanism.[xiv]
8.
RADIATION, DE NOVO
MUTATIONS, GENOMIC INSTABILITIES
a. UNSCEAR:
Transgenerational Effects in Humans Lead to Multi-System Developmental
Anomalies. Most radiation-induced mutations are DNA deletions, often encompassing
multiple genes, but only a small proportion of the induced deletions
is compatible with offspring viability; “The viability-compatible deletions
induced in germ cells are more likely to manifest themselves as multi-system developmental anomalies
rather than as single gene disorders.” (Sankaranarayanan et al 2005)
·
Men
bequeath more germ line cell damage to their children as they age so our
typical background exposures increase frequency of micro DNA mutations in
sperm.[xv]
·
Anna
Aghajanyan and Igor Suskov found that male Chernobyl liquidators and their
children had increased aberrant genome frequencies, suggesting
transgenerational genomic instability as a consequence of radiation exposure.[xvi] A
2008 review of findings on genomic damage in children published in Mutation Research concluded that
Chernobyl-radiation exposed children suffered consistently increased chromosome
aberration and micronuclei frequency.[xvii]
·
I suspect link between
ionizing radiation (and other genotoxins) and autism because of the increased
rate of microdeletions found in children with autism and the association
of autism with older fathers Sebat, J. et
al. 2007. Strong association of de novo copy number mutations with autism. Science
316: 445–449 and Kong, A., Frigge, M., Masson, G., &
Besenbacher, S. (2012) Rate of de novo mutations and the importance
of father’s age to disease risk, Nature 488, 471–475 http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v488/n7412/full/nature11396.html?WT.ec_id=NATURE-20120823
9.
IONZING RADIATION AND
LEARNING OUTCOMES: See attached D. Almond, L. Edlund, &
M. Palme (2009, Jan 23) ‘Chernobyl’s Sub-clinical
legacy: Prenatal exposure to radioactive fallout and school outcomes in Sweden’
10. RADIATION, OXIDATIVE STRESS AND INFLAMMATION: Ionizing radiation produces oxidative
stress and chronic inflammation, which have been linked to a range of
neurological and immunological diseases, including Alzheimers, Autism, and
Childhood allergies (sources not yet assembled).
SUMMARY
OF DNA DISRUPTIONS
Ionizing radiation is
radiotoxic because it breaks chemical bonds, knocking electrons out of orbit,
thereby destroying the ‘atomic building blocks’ of the molecular elements of
life (i.e., DNA). These disruptions adversely affect cellular reproduction,
resulting in chromosomal rearrangement, cellular transformation, and
carcinogenesis, among other effects.[xviii]
Researchers today recognize that these effects can be delayed, affecting the
progeny of surviving, radiated cells. Therefore, radiation exposure can
negatively alter cellular reproduction by killing and damaging cells directly
and by creating long-term ‘genomic
instability’ (delayed effect) in
surviving cells.
Furthermore, recent
research on the bystander effect reveals
and that the effects of radiation extend beyond the nucleus of directly
targeted cells as nearby cells’ replication processes can also be altered,
although the precise signaling events between cells that initiate and
perpetuate alterations remain undisclosed.[xix] Findings
suggest that bystander effects can occur at low levels of exposure to
radiation: ‘At lower levels, some or all of the effects are likely to have been
initiated not by direct radiation effects on the cell, but by the bystander
effect, in which radiation damage to one cell can lead to biological changes in
surrounding cells.… ’[xx]
Bystander effects and genomic instability are together referred to as
‘non-targeted’ effects.[xxi]
All forms of radiation
exposure can damage DNA and alter epigenetic signaling. However, ingested alpha
particles are particularly effective in producing point mutations in cells
neighboring (bystanders of) those transversed.[xxii] Indeed,
the 2006 BEIR report notes that internal alpha particles are more effective
than low LET radiation (e.g., gamma rays) in producing genomic instability.[xxiii]
[i] National Research Council Health Risks.
[ii] The Nuclear Energy Agency Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development 2011 report, Evolution of ICRP Recommendations 1977, 1990, and 2007 explains that the ICRP publication distinguished between non-stochastic (deterministic) and stochastic (probabilistic) effects in 1977, but didn’t provide quantitative estimates of the stochastic risk for fatal cancer across the lifespan and severe hereditary effects from radiation until 1990 (pp. 15-16). The 2007 ICRP publication incorporates ‘detriment,’ which attempts to quantify all deleterious effects of exposure by including cancer incidences, not simply fatal cases (p. 16). The models still relies on a homogenized reference man (Available, http://www.oecd-nea.org/rp/reports/2011/nea6920-ICRP-recommendations.pdf, date accessed 22 May 2013).
[iii] S. Kirsch (2004) ‘Harold Knapp and the Geography of Normal Controversy: Radioiodine in the Historical Environment’, Osiris, 19, 167-181.
[iv] Xu-Friedman, M. A., & Regehr, W G. (1999, April). Presynaptic strontium dynamics and synaptic transmission. Biophys J., 76(4), 2029–2042.
[v] Carrie Arnold (2014, February). Once upon a mine: The legacy of uranium on the Navajo Nation’ Environmental Health Perspectives, 122(2), A44-A49, http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/122-a44/
[vi] I. Fairlie (2009) ‘Commentary: Childhood Cancer near Nuclear Power Stations’, Environmental Health Perspectives, 8.43, http://www.ehjournal.net/content/8/1/43, date accessed 24 August 2012.
[vii] C. Sermage-Faure, D. Laurier, S. Goujon-Bellec, M. Chartier, A. Guyot-Goubin, J. Rudant, D. Hemon and J. Clavel (2012) ‘Childhood Leukemia around French Nuclear Power Plants-The Geocap Study, 2002-2007’, International Journal of Cancer, 131, 5, p. 769-780, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ijc.27425/pdf, date accessed 7 September 2012.
[viii] M. Blettner, P. Kaatsch, S, Schmiedel, R. Schulze-Rath, and C. Spix (2008) ‘Leukaemia in Young Children Living in the Vicinity of German Nuclear Power Plant’, International Journal of Cancer, 122, 721–726.
M. Blettner, P. Kaatsch, S, Schmiedel, R. Schulze-Rath, and C. Spix (2008) ‘Case-Control Study on Childhood Cancer in the Vicinity of Nuclear Power Plants in Germany 1980–2003’, European Journal of Cancer, 44, 275–284.
[ix] Mark S Pearce, Jane A Salotti, Mark P Little, Kieran McHugh, Choonsik Lee, Kwang Pyo Kim, Nicola L Howe, Cecile M Ronckers, Preetha Rajaraman,
Sir Alan W Craft, Louise Parker, Amy Berrington de González. Radiation exposure from CT scans in childhood and subsequent risk of eukaemia and brain tumours: a retrospective cohort study. The Lancet. June 7, 2012DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60815-0, http://press.thelancet.com/ctscanrad.pdf/.
[x] University of Oxford (2012) ‘Natural Gamma Rays Linked to Childhood Leukemia,’ http://www.ox.ac.uk/media/news_stories/2012/120612.html, date accessed 22 November 2012.
[xi] Nowakowski, R. S. & Hayes, N. L. (2008). Radiation, retardation and the developing brain: Time is the crucial variable. Acta Pediatrica, 97, 527-531.
[xii] S. Starr. (2012) ‘Health Threat from Cesium 1-137’, Japan Times, http://www.japantimes.co.jp/text/rc20120216a1.html, date accessed 12 July 2012.
[xiii] Richard Lifton, Christine Seidman et al (2013, May)"De novo mutations in histone-modifying genes in congenital heart disease" Nature, http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature12141.html
[xiv] S. Lutz-Bonengel, B. Brinkmann, L. Forster, P. Forster and H. Willkomm (2002) ‘Natural Radioactivity and Human Mitochondrial DNA Mutations’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 99.21, http://www.pnas.
org/content/99/21/13950.long, date accessed 22 October 2012.
[xv] Callaway, E. (2023, Aug ) Fathers bequeath more mutations as they age. Nature, http://www.nature.com/news/fathers-bequeath-more-mutations-as-they-age-1.11247
[xvi] A. Aghajanyan and I. Suskov (2009) ‘Transgenerational Genomic Instability in Children of Irradiated Parents as a Result of the Chernobyl Nuclear Accident’, Mutation Research, 671, 52-57.
[xvii] A. Fucic, G. Brunbog, R. Lasan, D. Jezek, L. E. Knudsen, D. F. Merlo (2008) ‘Genomic Damage in Children Accidentally Exposed to Ionizing Radiation: A Review of the Literature’, Mutation Research, 658, 111-123.
[xviii] L. Huang, W. F. Morgan, and A. R. Snyder (2003) ‘Radiation-Induced Genomic Instability and its Implications for Radiation Carcinogenesis’, Oncogene, 22, 5848–5854,
[xix] Morgan ‘Non-targeted and Delayed Effects’.
[xx] A. Hooker, M. Bhat, T. Day, J. Lane, S. Swinburne, A. Morley and P. Sykes (2004) ‘The Linear No-Threshold Model Does Not Hold for Low-Dose Ionizing Radiation’, Radiation Research, 162.4, 447-452.
[xxi] P. Dorfman, A. Fucic, S. Thomas (7 February 2013) ‘Late Lessons from Chernobyl, Early Warnings from Fukushma’ Monitor, 756, 1-19, http://www.nuclearconsult.com/docs/NM_756.pdf.
[xxii] D. Averbeck (2010) ‘Towards a New Paradigm for Evaluating the Effects of Exposure to Ionizing Radiation Mutation Research’, Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis, 687, 7-12.
[xxiii] National Research Council BEIR VII Phase 2, p. 70.
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